Wireless device detection, tracking, and authentication platform and techniques

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and techniques for wireless device detection, information, tracking, and authentication within a platform are provided. Example embodiments provide a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System and methods, which enables users to detect wireless devices, obtain stored information about wireless devices, and authenticate wireless devices for a variety of purposes including determining similarity of devices based upon prior network connections, pinpointing the location of the device, verifying the cryptographic signature of the device, obtaining metadata associated with the device, and controlling the device to perform a particular action such as alerts and notifications. An example WDDTAS platform includes a server, one or more edge sensors communicatively connected to wireless/wired devices with or without software to configure the device to perform as an electronic tag and connected to electronic smart tags, and a persistent data repository.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/599,436, filed on May 18, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/473,172, entitled “WIRELESS DEVICE DETECTION, TRACKING, AND AUTHENTICATION PLATFORM AND METHODS,” filed Mar. 17, 2017; all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to methods, techniques, and systems for detection, tracking, and authentication of wireless devices and, in particular, to methods, techniques, and systems for passively detecting, locating, authenticating, and storing information relating to wireless devices useful, for example, in security systems, financial transactions, Internet-Of-Things (IOT) Networking, inventory tracking, advertising and the like.

BACKGROUND

With the proliferation of wireless devices, especially those accessible via one or more networks, it has become essential be able to locate and identify such devices for a variety of purposes. One such categorization of purposes has been devices that contribute to a concept known as the “Internet-Of-Things” (IOT). IOT brings with it the idea that physical objects, such as devices, vehicles, buildings, and other devices, that are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data, can cooperate as a whole to enable an intelligent infrastructure. IOT allows objects to be sensed and/or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention.

Traditionally, the addressability of such devices has been based upon things like RFID-tags and identification through (electronically scan able) product codes, IP addresses and the like, which in some cases can be associated with a particular location. Locations of devices may also be determined for example using satellite based technologies, e.g., GPS, which may be independent of internet access. However, GPS technologies are currently limited to accurately locating a device within about 4.9 meters, which in some instances does not give a sufficient pinpoint location. See Diggelen et. al, Proceedings of the 28^(th) Int'l Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Sep. 14-18, 2015, Tampa, Fla., Abstract. In addition, signals to satellites can be blocked such as by buildings, walls, etc. which limit the effectiveness of using GPS technologies to pinpoint locations within and near buildings. Elevation is also difficult to determine using GPS technologies.

Locations of devices may also be determined using cellular phone (cellphone) networks using the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) such as 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. Again, the precision of such determinations are limited by the density of cell towers (base stations) located in the area as well as the power of the signals from the cellphones. Typical precision is on the order of 50-100 meters in dense urban areas and may be much worse in rural areas where cell towers are more sparse. See Ibrahim et al., “CellSense: An Accurate Energy-Efficient GSM Positioning System,” IEEE Trans on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp 286-296, 2011. Several different technologies may be used including handset based (the cellphone measures its signal strength to one or more cell tower antennas) or network based methods such as comparing the relative signal strength of the cellphone when the phone is roamed from one tower to the next. In addition, some systems use SIM base measurements or combine GPS (or other Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)) technology with network information from a GSM system. See Wikipedia, Mobile Phone Tracking.

In addition, RFID tags or other technology 1-way transmitters, such as iBeacon or Beacon technology have been used to provide applications running on wireless devices such as cellphones with broadcasted tag information so that the cellphones can determine their own locations by determining their rough proximity to these tags using signal strength. The beacons (whichever technology is employed) are placed at known locations and calibrated in order for the applications on the phones to determine proximity. See ibeaconinsider, “What is iBeacon? A Guide to Beacons,” http://www.ibeacon.com/what-is-ibeacon-a-guide-to-beacons, 1995. Beacon technology can be used as an indoor positioning system, unlike GPS technology. Beacon technology can range from 70 meters to up to 450 meters.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an example block diagram of components of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System (a WDDTAS) that illustrates an exemplary sensor installation.

FIG. 2 depicts the path cost analysis used to determine the most efficient way to relay data to where the data is needed within a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System.

FIG. 3 is an example block diagram of components of an edge sensor in an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System.

FIG. 4 is an example overview flow diagram of the logic for capturing and reporting wireless station metadata using an example edge sensor component of an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System.

FIG. 5 is an example flow diagram of the monitoring logic of an example edge sensor component of an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System.

FIG. 6A is an example block diagram of Management Frame and a Probe Request according to the 802.11 Specification.

FIGS. 6B and 6C illustrates an example capture of data from a Probe Request of a wireless station containing metadata applicable to an example Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System.

FIG. 7 is an example flow diagram of the reporting logic of an example edge sensor component of an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are examples of serialized data from a Probe Request of a wireless station containing metadata to be reported by an edge sensor to a server.

FIG. 9 is an example block diagram of logic components of an example server in an exemplary Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System installation.

FIG. 10 is an example flow diagram of tracking logic executed on an example server in an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System.

FIG. 10A is another example flow diagram of code executed on an example server in an example embodiment of a wireless device detection, tracking and authentication system.

FIGS. 11A-11E are example diagrams illustrating trilateration and other techniques to find a location of a wireless station using one, two, and three edge sensors or other known locations.

FIG. 12 is an example block diagram of logic components of an example client application for execution on a wireless station in an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System.

FIG. 13 is an example block diagram of logic components of an example administrative application for management of an exemplary Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System installation.

FIG. 14 is an example block diagram of a computing system for practicing embodiments of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System.

FIG. 15 illustrates dynamic geofencing using moving edge sensors according to an embodiment.

FIG. 16A illustrates a technique for finding a location of a wireless device using a single moving edge sensor.

FIG. 16B illustrates a process for finding a location of a wireless device using a single moving edge sensor.

FIG. 17 illustrates a system for payment processing, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 18 illustrates a system for providing security, according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments described herein provide enhanced computer- and network-based methods, techniques, and systems for detecting, tracking, and authenticating wireless devices. Example embodiments provide a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System (“WDDTAS”) and methods, which enables users to detect wireless devices, obtain stored information about wireless devices, and authenticate wireless devices for a variety of purposes including, for example:

-   -   pinpointing the location of the device whether outside or inside     -   verifying the cryptographic signature of the device     -   obtaining metadata associated with the device for many purposes     -   controlling the device to perform a particular action for         example purchasing or other transaction     -   comparing expected device location with actual location     -   facilitating the device verifying the identity of its user with         a biometric or secret in addition to locating the device         The Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication         System, techniques, and methods (referred to as well as the         WDDTAS) allow for the tracking of WiFi or Bluetooth or other         types of wireless enabled devices without requiring those         devices to run an application, opt-in to being discoverable or         tracked, without requiring use of a GPS (or other GNSS         technology), without requiring connection to a GSM network such         as 2G, 3G, 4G, and the like, and without using a SIM card,         without scanning a QR code, and without requiring a user to         engage in or initiate any interaction with the WDDTAS system.         Accordingly, the WDDTAS enables locating, tracking, and         identification of wireless devices using a passive approach. In         other embodiments, the WDDTAS may enable locating, tracking, and         identification of wireless devices using an active approach.

It also provides multiple points of identity for those devices that are not running an application by comparing each device's wireless connection history and device capabilities (factors, aspects, characteristics, and the like) in order to build a device profile for each device. In certain scenarios, the device profile may identify the device or the user by anonymizing the information, thus allowing compliance with privacy laws in certain countries and with certain organizations (such as HIIPA, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996). For example, the system might sense multiple devices owned by two people who have met at a particular location, (e.g. a WiFi Cafe) and can flag those devices as related because the location is one-hop away from either device. The owner of this system could set an alert when anyone who has previously connected to a particular wireless network enters the area.

Example Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication Systems and methods can also operate with devices that are executing a WDDTAS client application in order to provide enhanced operation such as turning such devices into electronic tags, providing additional support for retail and other transactions, and the like.

Example Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication Systems provide a sensor platform of “edge sensors” that allows for the collection, storage, analysis, and sharing of wireless signals intelligence. This includes pinpointing and verifying the signatures of mobile wireless devices by collecting the actual wireless frames (e.g., 802.11 and Bluetooth) that these devices emit. Inter-networked edge sensors pass the information between one another in order to distribute the information to a desired destination such as the server to be stored or to another inter-networked device. Important metadata and computed information, such as location or cryptographic signature, are persisted within the WDDTAS to be used for tracking and authentication. In some example WDDTASs, derived information such as using machine learning tools can be used for other activities or events.

Many different kinds of users may interact with the system having diverse needs, and thus, collected data is managed within a domain consisting of users, groups, and remote access endpoints (through an Application Programming Interface—“API”). By arranging the sensor platform within or around an area, an operator of the system can use the installation to accomplish any number of tasks involving authentication and/or locating of devices within that area.

For example, some entities may be interested in this system for operational security, that is, to place sensors all around their property and configure the system to generate alerts when unknown devices are approaching the area. Mobile devices are now prevalent and it makes sense to target these devices for authentication, advertising, surveillance, and to provide many types of service to them.

FIG. 1 is an example block diagram of components of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System (a WDDTAS) that illustrates an exemplary sensor installation. In one example embodiment, the WDDTAS installation (or topology) comprises one or more functional components/modules that work together to provide detection (including locating), tracking, and authentication of wireless devices. Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System 100 comprises an edge sensor platform of one or more edge sensors, e.g., edge sensors 110 a-b and 111 a-b, one or more servers such as server 120, one or more data repositories such as repositories 130 and 131, and one or more administrative applications such as application 140. In addition, remote endpoints into the system via API (not shown) are accessible to clients (client applications) that desire to obtain data from the system, push information to wireless devices detected by the system, and the like. A WDDTAS installation may not be fixed—it may migrate based upon various parameters and the area it covers may not be defined by fixed coordinates such as within a building or area. For example, when the sensors are in or attached to moving objects, they can define a dynamic geolocation zone for the detection of wireless devices.

The edge sensors, e.g., edge sensors 110 a-b and 111 a-b, may be sensor devices responsible for monitoring wireless devices connected to the WDDTAS platform and reporting data to the servers (e.g., server 120) to be processed and potentially persisted to the one or more data repositories. The edge sensors may also communicate with each other. When working with WiFi (802.11 protocol), each edge sensor is set to monitor mode to monitor traffic and obtain information from wireless devices within the detectable vicinity of the edge sensor. These wireless devices are referred to under the 802.11 Specification as stations (or STA). Some of these devices may have a WDDTAS client application installed and others may not. For example, edge sensor 110 a, a laptop, may monitor wireless frame information from stations 102-105, which do not have the WDDTAS client application installed or executing. Similarly edge sensor 111 a, a WDDTAS hardware network device, may be communicatively connected to edge sensor 111 b (another WDDTAS hardware network device) and may monitor information from wireless stations 101 and 108. As shown, station 101 is not running the WDDTAS application, yet station 108 is (and show bidirectional communication). Edge sensor 111 b may be communicatively connected to edge sensor 111 a and may monitor traffic from wireless station 109 running the WDDTAS client application. Edge sensor 110 b may monitor information from stations 106 and 107, both running the WDDTAS client application. Edge sensor functions are described further with respect to FIGS. 3-8B.

In at least one embodiment, the edge sensors may be located near the edge of a network topology while the server 120 represents the center of that network topology. In at least one embodiment, the edge sensor locations roughly determine the edge boundaries of geofenced zones. For example, the edge sensors may be located exactly on or near the corners of geofenced zones.

In other example WDDTAS installations (not shown), edge sensors may monitor traffic according to other wireless protocols such as Bluetooth (BT). The examples described with reference to WiFi (802.11) are relevant to BT although different mechanisms for monitoring traffic and the layout of the information varies.

The edge sensors communicate (e.g., report, transfer, forward, send, etc.) data to the one or more servers that are part of a WDDTAS installation. For example, server 120 is communicatively connected to edge sensors 111 a-b and 110 a-b via wired or wireless connections. The server 120 may be also communicatively connected via wired or wireless connections, directly or indirectly, to one or more data repositories, such as repositories 130 and 131. In some installations, the server 120 may be communicatively connected through a network, such as internet 150, to one or more data repositories. The one or more servers, such as server 120, is responsible for caching or storing the data reported by the edge sensors, providing security support for receiving the reported data and for interacting with other clients to the WDDTAS, post processing of the reported station metadata to determine information such as a profile of device, API support for remote endpoints into WDDTAS installation, and event management including location based (e.g., surveillance) and non-location based (e.g., retail and payment transaction support). WDDTAS server functions are described further with respect to FIGS. 9-10.

In example WDDTAS installations, one or more administrative management applications, such as administrative management application 140, are communicatively connected to the one or more servers (directly or via a network such as network 150) in order to control various aspects of the edge sensors such as configuration and maintenance, access to them and the data, and the like. For example, WDDTAS administrative application may manage the uploading and access to floor plans for aiding in user interfaces that show or track the location of wireless stations precisely. In addition, they provide support for defining and managing geofencing zones, event and notification support to other applications, report generation, and the like. WDDTAS administrative application functions are described further with respect to FIG. 13.

The data repositories, such as repositories 130 and 131, accessed by the one or more servers may comprise any form for storing data persistently or temporarily depending upon the use of the WDDTAS. For example, they may be databases, files, file servers, etc. stored in memory. The data stored in the data repositories 130 and 131 can be made accessible to third parties through an API, and access managed by an WDDTAS administrative management application such as application 140. The data repositories may store device profiles for many wireless devices. Each device profile is associated with a specific wireless devices and may include information previously captured from probe requests of the wireless device. The device profile can include, for example, a history of wireless networks (e.g. in the form of SSID's and other information), MAC address, and capabilities for a specific device. In some embodiments, the device profile can include information captured from management frames other than probe requests.

As mentioned, a WDDTAS installation may not be fixed and may provide dynamic geofencing. In addition, edge sensors, such as edge sensors 110 a-b and 111 a-b may sometimes go offline or become unavailable for other reasons such as when wireless devices move out of range of one another. Generally, the edge sensors of a WDDTAS installation route and report information via the shortest channel to the intended destination. FIG. 2 depicts the path cost analysis used to determine the most efficient way to relay data to where the data is needed within a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System. Known path cost analysis (for example using a routing metric or “link cost”) may be incorporated to determine, for example, the least costly path based for example on the speed of the connection (cost may refer to time). For example, in FIG. 2, the cost of sending data from edge sensor 202 a to edge sensor 202 e via edge sensor 202 d (a first path) is “10” whereas the cost of sending the same data via edge sensors 202 b and 202 c (a second path) is “3”+“1”+“3”=“16” which is greater. (Here the numbers refer to a measurement used by the path cost analysis algorithm.) Thus, the WDDTAS installation would prefer to send the data via the first path. Other example WDDTAS installations may prefer in some instances to use the high path cost.

Although the examples described herein often refer to a mobile device, the techniques described herein can also be used by to track, locate, identify, and authenticate any type of wireless device including mobile and non-mobile devices, such as desktops, embedded wireless systems, wireless SOC devices, and the like. Essentially, the concepts and techniques described are applicable to any wireless environment where locating, tracking, authenticating, and or event processing can be used.

Although certain terms are used primarily herein, other terms could be used interchangeably to yield equivalent embodiments and examples. In addition, terms may have alternate spellings which may or may not be explicitly mentioned, and all such variations of terms are intended to be included.

Example embodiments described herein provide applications, tools, data structures and other support to implement a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System and methods to be used to detect wireless devices, obtain stored information about wireless devices, and authenticate wireless devices for a variety of purposes. Other embodiments of the described techniques may be used for other purposes. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as data formats and code sequences, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the described techniques. The embodiments and examples described also can be practiced without some of the specific details described herein, or with other specific details, such as changes with respect to the ordering of the logic, different logic, etc. Thus, the scope of the techniques and/or functions described is not limited by the particular order, selection, or decomposition of aspects described with reference to any particular routine, module, component, and the like.

As described above with reference to FIG. 1, WDDTAS edge sensors (passively) monitor traffic from wireless devices and communicate with other edge sensors, WDDTAS servers, wireless devices programmed to interact with edge sensors, or electronic tags (including wireless devices programmed to operate as electronic tags).

FIG. 3 is an example block diagram of components of an edge sensor in an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System. For example, edge sensor 300 depicted therein may be one of the edge sensors 111 a or 111 b of FIG. 1. The components displayed may be present in a general or special purpose computer such as that described with reference to FIG. 14 and thus other components not shown (such as other input/output, I/O, devices) may be present in edge sensor 300.

Edge sensors are typically transceiver-bearing wireless computers. Transceivers comprise hardware that allows for unidirectional, bidirectional, or full-duplex communication over a wire (wired), or over the air (wireless). For example, edge sensor 300 illustrated comprises one or more wireless antennas 301 a and 301 b, network interface cards (or adapters) 304 and 305, other I/O cards or modules 306, battery 302 or other AC power source, a wireless network controller 307 (if not part of the NIC), a Bluetooth (BT) chipset/controller 308, (optionally) an Ethernet (wired network) port 309, and storage/memory 310. In any particular edge sensor implementation, one or more of these components may not be present. For example, if the edge sensor 300 only supports the monitoring of WiFi frames, then support for BT may not be present. Similarly, if the edge sensor 300 is only wirelessly connected to other edge sensors or servers, then a wired network port (such as Ethernet port 309) may not be present. In addition, in some example, edge sensor 300 comprises GPS hardware (not shown).

In one example edge sensor 300, the memory 310 is flash memory containing code logic for monitoring and reporting WiFi traffic, such as in monitoring processing module 311 and reporting processing module 312, an operating system 313 such as a Linux derivative, and potentially other processing modules 314. The edge sensor 300 monitors traffic from various wireless stations within range to collect metadata and reports or relays the metadata via the available communications hardware (the wired and/or wireless transceivers) to various other components of the WDDTAS such as server 120 or the other edge sensors of FIG. 1. The metadata may include various information about data, devices, communications, sessions, and identify other information that is not part of the raw unprocessed signals themselves. For example, metadata may include a collection of past networks to which the device has previously connected, data rates, etc. In some embodiments, the edge sensor 300 may compute device similarity metrics that are provided to other devices.

Signals emitted by wireless stations near or in proximity to each edge sensor may be pre-processed by the edge sensor as they are captured. For example, in edge sensor 300 they may be pre-processed by monitoring processing module 311, which contains code logic (in software, hardware, or firmware) to enumerate the underlying protocol (e.g., the IEEE 802.11 protocol, which defines how wireless devices communicate) in order to extract relevant information from each frame. As an example, the underlying protocol may indicate that an 802.11 Probe Request was generated and the edge sensor can filter out other frames and relay only relevant data from the Probe Request. Additionally, according to 802.11 the Probe Request is a management frame that stores data in a particular sequence so the edge sensor can preprocess the frame to store only the metadata of interest. This strategy can make optimal use of network bandwidth and can act as a filter for irrelevant information before being passed onto another edge sensor or the server. In some example edge sensors, the code logic that performs such preprocessing is external to the edge sensor (e.g., running as an application on the edge sensor computer system) or embedded on a dedicated device used as an edge sensor

In some example edge sensors and WDDTAS platforms, additional processing of the metadata make take place. For example, the edge sensor 300 may contain some machine learning or statistical logic as other processing modules 314 to post process some of the data if the location of the wireless station is to be pinpointed by the edge sensor. In other examples, this type of post processing is performed by a server or at some other location so as to minimize power consumption of the edge sensors. As another example, edge sensor 300 may include a command interface as part of other processing modules 314 that allows another entity such as a server to direct the edge sensor to perform a task. For example, the server may detect that a user's device has entered a “payment zone” that a retailer has designated (using the server's location processing). The server can then issue a command to the edge sensor to initiate a payment process on the user's device (assuming the device is running an application allowing the edge sensor to communicate with it).

One of the primary functions of an edge sensor is to monitor (wireless) traffic and report information (metadata or other information) to other destinations of the WDDTAS. FIG. 4 is an example overview flow diagram of the logic for capturing and reporting wireless station metadata using an example edge sensor component of an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System. Edge Sensor logic 400 begins in block 401 when the sensor boots and a WDDTAS daemon process (in the background and continuous) begins. In block 402, the logic enumerates the network interfaces available (e.g., Ethernet, WLAN, and BT) using, for example, an operating system API and determines which is the NIC to be used for monitoring and which for reporting. In some instances these are separate NICs, but in others they are not. In block 403, the logic begins execution of a monitor thread to monitor traffic from the wireless signals (from, for example, 802.11 WiFi and BT bands). This thread is described further with respect to FIG. 5. In block 404, the logic begins execution of a reporting thread to report monitored data, for example to a server or other computing device. In logic blocks 405 to 406, the edge sensor performs other processing as needed until it is terminated (for example turned off).

As described, the edge sensors based upon their placement (relative or absolute, dynamic or fixed) in the installation define a target area or zone. Each edge sensor is placed around the target area, and constantly monitoring for and collecting wireless signals on the 802.11 WiFi and Bluetooth bands. FIG. 5 is an example flow diagram of the monitoring logic of an example edge sensor component of an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System. The monitoring thread 500 is responsible for continuously collecting signals over the wireless networks—the 802.11 WiFi and BT bands.

In block 501, the logic places the determined monitor NIC into wireless monitor mode. Monitoring of 802.11 management frame traffic is performed by placing the edge sensor in “monitor” mode (for example using Linux' “iwconfig” command) and picking up/filtering for Probe Request management frames. In particular, while in monitor mode, the edge sensor passively listens for traffic and does not respond to a Probe Request with a Probe Response so as not to begin a connection to the noticed station (which requires authentication and association in addition to this handshake). In addition, the edge sensor does not send out 802.11 Beacons (Beacon management frames) to let stations know of its availability. The monitored traffic will contain a copious amount of data and the edge sensor may preprocess the data to only consider Probe Requests. In other embodiments, the monitoring thread 500 can place the NIC into other modes for passively monitoring 802.11 frame traffic such as a listening mode or a promiscuous mode.

In block 502, the edge sensor logic changes channels (listens to different frequencies) in various intervals, for example 500-1500 ms intervals, searching for Probe Requests from stations in its vicinity (and within the target zone). When these Probe Requests are received, then in block 503 the various header details of the Probe Request Management Frame and other relevant data or metadata are captured into data structures stored in the memory of the edge sensor. The metadata is intended to form a bigger picture of the surveyed area—that is data about the data being collected by the target zone or from an aggregate of a group of edge sensors (or the whole WDDATS installation). In block 504, the edge sensor logic may perform preprocessing on the collected data to generate metadata which is then stored in block 505. The logic then continues back to look for more Probe Requests in block 502. Of note, the preprocessing may be performed in a separate thread once the Probe Request data is extracted. The data captured in the data structures (including the extracted data and metadata) generally describe the received probe requests, and may be referred to herein as “probe request data.” The probe request data can include for example MAC Address of a wireless device, channel number, Wifi standard type (a/b/g/n/ac), SSID (e.g. network name), SSID length, supported link speeds, supported ciphers and cryptographic capabilities, high throughput capabilities (HT), aggregation support (ampdu), vendor specific capabilities, timestamp for when the probe request was received, and signal strength.

The 802.11 wireless network frames (or other network equivalent) issued by wireless stations within a target zone reveal MAC address, signal level, noise ratio, vendor info, network name, past wireless networks, and other information. This information is then used to compute additional details (e.g., on the server, other computing devices, or in an edge sensor), such as device vendor similarity metrics, device location similarity metrics, and/or a collection of past networks. Through the collection process, and based on the signal strengths detected at each edge sensor, and any known obstacles between the sensor and the targeted device, the device locations are also determined.

As noted, as part of desired metadata, the edge sensor accumulates a history of the wireless networks to which the station has previously connected. According to the 802.11 wireless specification (RFC) as designated by EIFT/IEEE, wireless stations (phones, laptops, smart television, refrigerator, and other IOT devices, etc.) that are not currently connected to the network will periodically scan for networks in the area, and in-particular issue 802.11 Probe Requests in an attempt to find and connect to known wireless networks. Thus, a sequence of Probe Requests from the same station (in a small burst of time) will reveal each of the networks that the station is scanning for. The edge sensor logic can extract this information from the Probe Request management frames and populate a data structure with a history of previous wireless connections as well as other information that can lead to metadata that can be used to profile the device. For example, if it is known that a particular device frequents location 1 followed by location 2 at the same time every Sunday, then a device location profile can be established.

FIG. 6A is an example block diagram of Management Frame and a Probe Request according to the 802.11 Specification. Management Frame 601 contains a MAC header, which indicates the address of the station sending the frame (field “SA” for source address, transmitter address “TA” may be the same) and a Frame Body which, for a management frame, contains both fixed and variable length field. Probe Request 602 is one type of management frame. This request includes as field “SSID” (Service Set Identity field) a desired network that the station is scanning for. Other fields in the frame body contain information such as supported rates, extended supported rates, frequency hopping information, etc. Additional information regarding the specifics of the 802.11 protocol, management frames, and probe requests in particular is detailed in Gast, 802.11 Wireless Networks, The Definitive Guide, O'Reilly, 2d ed., 2005, which herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIGS. 6B and 6C illustrates an example capture of data from a Probe Request of a wireless station containing metadata applicable to an example Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System. The data has been captured through a wireless data capture analysis tool (Wireshark). In this example screen, line number 38 contains information regarding a Probe Request picked up from a station named “LgElectr_ad” with a MAC address of “34:fc:ef:ad:2e:75.” Although not the case for all Probe Requests, this particular request is being broadcast to any Access Point that will answer it (i.e., the destination address is ffff:ff:ff:ff:ff). As can be seen from the user-friendly information (laid out by the wireless data capture analysis tool), the SSID field contains the name “Test Network 9.” The additional capabilities (fields of the frame body) can be observed in FIG. 6C, which lists information such as the Supported Rates 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 (Mbit/sec), the current channel (“1”), vendor specific information such as that the station is a Broadcom device, and other data and capabilities. If one were to view the content of each of frames indicated by lines 35-43, one could observe that they were all being transmitted on the same channel (microseconds apart) and indicated different networks—the networks the station is scanning for. The bottom portion of the display shows the actual bits being monitored (without the user-friendly translation). Other information is available via the radiotap wireless header (not shown), including the channel, the frequency, the signal strength, and a timestamp.

Accordingly, the edge sensor logic in block 503 of FIG. 5 can populate appropriate data structures with the type of information from the management frame illustrated in FIGS. 6B and 6C and the radiotap header. The details available can be used to further uniquely identify a station (device) not just by its MAC address, but also via its history, hostname, time of detection, vendor, and status. This history (and thus a profile) of a device can be calculated (generated) from the stored names and addresses from each frame that the device emits. The server can then cross-reference this information with the information about the other detected devices. This allows the platform to automatically determine similarities between detected devices.

For example, it may be detected that the wireless devices belonging to two people had traveled to the same house (previously had connected to the same WiFi) In such case, the devices (and people associated with them) are considered related entities within the system. This abstraction makes it easier to learn whether two devices may be related, even though the WDDTAS has not seen them before. For example, an administrator of the platform could configure platform to receive notifications upon arrival of probe requests from newly detected devices within the target zone. Upon these notifications, the administrator can compare the profile of the newly detected device other others known and decide whether to further act (e.g., send out surveillance alerts etc.). Also for example, the WDDTAS might detect a laptop and a phone on opposite sides of the target area, but be able to relate them together as a single entity (or threat), because those devices previously had been connected to similar wireless networks.

By providing a device similarity metric, for example as an abstraction such as a percentage, a profile vector (e.g., a vector containing a value for each characteristic being monitored such that vectors can be mathematically compared), etc. a user of the platform (e.g., an administrator, an end user, a third party accessing data of the installation) can determine if several of the same devices suddenly appeared within a targeted area. Further, the user might want to receive alerts if devices similar to a targeted (or specified) device come within range of a certain area (the signature or profile of a device then can be used for “targeting” similar devices). Such capabilities can provide unique defense, security, and commercial applications. This is of course dependent on the quality of the information emitted from the device. If a device is running the WDDTAS client application (thus, for example, turning a phone into a bidirectional communication device such as an electronic tag), there will be additional data available for collection and the quality of the profiling and/or target can be enhanced because it contains more and more valuable information.

Once the wireless probe request data and metadata is captured, the edge sensor then reports (forwards, relays) it as appropriate to other edge sensors, servers, etc. FIG. 7 is an example flow diagram of the reporting logic of an example edge sensor component of an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System. The edge sensor reporting thread 700 is responsible for relaying data. In block 701, the logic determines which server to which to send the data using path cost analysis described with reference to FIG. 2 as needed. In one example WDDTAS, a message is broadcast over the WDDTAS distribution network to set up direct communications with a specific server. Then in block 702, the determined server and the edge sensor exchange public keys to begin an encrypted session to facilitate encrypted communication (using available public/private key encryption techniques and negotiation such as RSA with a Diffie-Hellman key exchange). For example, in block 703 the edge sensor receives a session key for the determined server which has been encrypted with the sensor's public key. The edge sensor then generates an secure session key for a specific period of time for encrypting and sending the data to report. For example, the edge sense can use a Blowfish cipher or SHA-512 to generate a secure session key to encrypt the data using AES 128/256. In block 704, the data is serialized, encrypted using the secure session key and sent to the determined server. The logic then continues to block 703 to refresh secure session key and send encrypted data to that server until the edge sensor needs to determine and send data to a different server (in which case the logic continues in a new loop in block 701). Of note other encryption and key exchange techniques may be also incorporated.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are examples of serialized data from a Probe Request of a wireless station containing metadata to be reported by an edge sensor to a server. Serialized data 800 is shown with a multitude of columns reflected the data such as that shown in FIG. 6B. For ease of readability, an excerpt of this serialized data is displayed in table 810. The serialized data contains an indication of a network (ESSID 812) from the device's history, channel used 813, and other information.

In addition to passively collecting wireless signals being emitted by wireless stations such as phones and laptops, a WDDTAS installation, such as that described with reference to FIG. 1, supports interactions with “electronic tags” to glean information using an active approach. These electronic tags are “smart” electronic tags, which allow for two-way communication with an edge sensor for the purpose of authentication and sharing data. In FIG. 1, stations 108 and 106 are example electronic tags which communicate bidirectionally with edge sensors 111 a and 110 b, respectively. A device is an electronic tag because it is running additional (WDDTAS) code or logic that can verify the integrity of the tag, the identity of the user, or because it can share additional details it has about the device.

In general, a device augmented with a software application such as the WDDTAS client application is an electronic tag because it is running software that is causing it to act as such, emitting a signal on some interval, and responding to requests instead of just being passive. In this active approach, the NICs of the edge sensors may not be in a monitoring mode. The NICs instead may be placed into an communication mode where the edge sensors emit probe requests addressed to specific wireless devices (e.g. 108 and 106), and the wireless devices respond to those probes with probe responses in the form of probe response frames. The probe responses are received by the edge sensors and the probe responses may include information that is similar to the information in probe requests received via passive monitoring. The edge sensors may generate probe response data describing these probe responses. The contents of the probe response data may be similar to the probe request data described herein. The probe response data can be provided to another computing device (e.g. a server) which performs location determination, similarity metric calculation, and causes location based events to occur using the probe response data, which is similar to the processes for using the probe request data described herein.

In one or more embodiments, the probe response data can be substituted for the probe request data in any of the embodiments described herein. More generally speaking, probe response data and probe request data are both examples of management frame data that describes management frames received by an edge sensor, and the management frame data can be substituted for the probe request data in any of the embodiments described herein.

Electronic tags can also provide data collection from other types of physical sensors associated with the tag (device) and forward such data collection to an edge sensor and/or WDDTAS server. For example, a device that serves as an electronic tag may provide data from sensors that measure attributes of the device or environment such as temperature, barometric pressure, magnetic resonance, photo voltage, and the like.

Additionally, a wireless computer or phone can become an electronic tag by installing a WDDTAS client application that causes it to behave in this manner. This effectively turns any smartphone into an electronic tag. Electronic tags are unique and provide a way to reliably identify people and goods that is not dependent, for example, on attaching physical tags such as RFID tags. In addition, when used in security applications, the tag software can digitally sign a message with its public-key to the edge-sensor, and thus to the server, for verification.

As an example, this technique can be used to provide enhanced authentication to a device, determine or pinpoint location of a device, or collect additional data. Enhanced authentication can provide confirmation from multiple sources about the identity of a person using the device. Such sources might include: something the user has in their possession, like a computer, phone, or electronic tag; something the user is, for example one's unique biology, fingerprint, face, heart rate, DNA, or iris scan; and/or something the user knows, such as a password or secret used to prove their identity.

Because mobile devices can become electronic tags by incorporation of WDDTAS client application, tags can be used as authentication tokens such as for consumer purchases and transactions. For example, a customer, carrying an electronic tag in the form of a smartphone, may walk near to a payment area, verify their identity (to the WDDTAS application running on the phone), and then automatically pay for goods or services using, for example, preconfigured payment methods. Users can opt to use multiple different factors in order to verify their identity, such as a PIN code or fingerprint for enhanced security. This makes it harder for a thief to use a stolen device for purchasing goods, as the thief would also need to know the mobile device user's pin code, password, fingerprint, facial signature, or other authentication factor, as a secondary factor during authentication as designated by the WDDTAS installation.

The user of an electronic tag device or device configured to operate as an electronic tag through WDDTAS software might prefer to cryptographically verify the tags in order to provide accurate validation. The process generally follows the RSA large prime public-key cryptography standard described early. In summary, the WDDTAS software application in the device generates a public and private key pair consisting of large prime numbers. In a multi-key cryptographic system, the software on either side of the communication (here the electronic tag and the rest of the installation) sign and encrypt their messages to each other with these keys in order to prove their identity and the integrity of the data. This is done to prevent interception of collected data. The public and private keys can be located on the device within the WDDTAS client application's protected runtime. These keys can be used to provide primary authentication. By layering authentication strategies in addition to public/private key encryption, the mechanism can be made more secure.

FIG. 9 is an example block diagram of logic components of an example server in an exemplary Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System installation. As described there may be more one server in any particular WDDTAS installation, and server 120 of FIG. 1 is one such example. Servers within the WDDTAS are responsible mainly for storing the wireless signal metadata relayed from the edge sensors as described with reference to FIG. 7. Even when the server is physically incapable of connecting to an specific edge sensor, the server may glean its data from another intermediate edge sensor that has relayed the information which could not be sent directly because the specific edge sensor is out of communication. For example, in FIG. 1, the data from edge sensor 111 a may be relayed from edge sensor 111 b if sensor 111 a cannot send the data directly to server 120.

The example server illustrated in FIG. 9 comprises: data connection and caching 901, security support (module, component, logic, code, etc.) 902, device data processing system 903, various API endpoints to support edge sensors 904, clients 905, and admins 906, and event management support 907. Any of these components can be implemented with code logic.

The database connection and caching interface 901 is responsible for connections and communications to edge sensors, administrators, and API users. The server can accept connections from administrators, edge sensors and API users, while simultaneously postprocessing relayed data, storing data in its database, and generating events and notifications. The security module 902 is responsible for the encrypted communication exchanges described earlier and the maintenance of all of the keys for each edge sensor, client, and administrator.

Database connection and caching interface 901 is also responsible for storing or caching data in a data repository, such as repositories 130 and 131 in FIG. 1. Users of a WDDTAS installation may opt to use a specific database back-end to suit the needs of their organization, so that they can authenticate their users against another backend. Since data is being cached and persisted in the data repository, there is a structure that represents the state of each device as seen from each edge sensor. In this way the relevant most recently detected signals from a device get persisted for 30-90 seconds or for a few minutes until they can be expired and replaced with updated data from a next time period.

The device data processing system 903 comprises code for performing the postprocessing of the probe request data such as device metadata to, for example, generate similarity metrics, identify device pinpoint locations in instances where the edge server is not providing such support, facilitate transaction and purchase processing, etc. It is continuously looking for new data, extracting metadata, computing metrics across sensors, and the like. In installations where machine learning is available, the data processing system 903 can incorporate machine learning engines and algorithms to learn about device behavior over time, for example, and to improve similarity metrics using metadata from the device profiling. It may also use machine learning to discover common routes and paths of avoidance. For example, it may discover a detour when devices suddenly start moving in a new path after moving in a base path for some period of time. It may discover the locations of items within a store as the system cross-references purchased items with historical device paths for a number of devices moving around an area.

The various API endpoints provide implementation for the logic accessed through the API to administrators of the WDDTAS, to client applications on devices that are running the WDDTAS client application, and to various end users such as third party users of data. The API can be used to manage and aggregate data from each installation or from multiple WDDTAS installations as an authentication backend.

Event management support 907 facilitates processing of alerts and notifications. In particular, alerts and notifications may be location sensitive/based (such as device triggers within a target zone) or may be location independent (such as a transaction). Location based event management 908 and Non-location based event management 909 support for these two different types of events respectively. A user of the WDDTAS installation can also set up options for these alerts and notifications. Since the system is caching a lot of data, the cached data can be compared against the platform user's alerts and notifications to determine if there is any cause to generate an event or push a notification to the user. For example, the event management support can push a notification to possibly warning the user that an item has left the sales floor, or a person has entered the target area, or that a device user wishes to begin an authentication transaction.

FIG. 10 is an example flow diagram of tracking logic executed on an example server in an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System. The server logic 1000 may be performed, for example by server 120 in FIG. 1. Server logic 1000 performs a loop in blocks 1001-1009 to continuously process data, respond to API request, trigger events and notifications, locate devices, etc.

Specifically, in block 1001, the server logic determines if there is more data (e.g. probe request data) to process. If so, the logic continues in block 1002, otherwise returns to block 1001 (to wait for more data). In block 1002, the server logic obtains data from the (next) device or more data from the same device. In block 1003, the server logic determines the location of the device. Although the logic shows this calculation being performed at this time, it can be performed at multiple or other times while executing this process. Determining device location can be performed using a variety of techniques. Trilateration, such as that described with reference to FIGS. 11A-11C is preferred, and when not available or to provide a secondary method for verifying accuracy of location, other techniques may be incorporated such as using GPS technology or GSM (cell network techniques). In addition, publicly available API for geolocation (such as from GOOGLE) may provide fallbacks. Triangulation may also be used to determine a device location.

Once the device location is pinpointed, then the server logic determines whether the location has changed and, if so, continues in block 1005, otherwise continues in block 1006. In block 1005, the server logic processes any location triggered events such as payment processing, mapping location, returning data to a client application regarding the location of devices, and the like. This logic may be performed by logic module 908 in FIG. 9.

In block 1006, the server logic determines whether any other events have been triggered and, if so, continues in block 1009, otherwise returns to the beginning of the loop in block 1001. In block 1009, the server logic process other triggered events and/or notifications such as returning data to a client, changing edge sensor settings, etc. This logic may be performed by logic module 909 in FIG. 9. The server logic then continues to the beginning of the loop in block 1001.

FIG. 10A is another example flow diagram of code executed on an example server in an example embodiment of a wireless device detection, tracking and authentication system. In step 1052, probe request data for a monitored wireless device is received from several edge sensors. The probe request data from a given edge sensor can include data describing one or more probe requests received by the edge sensor from a monitored wireless device via passive monitoring, such as data extracted from the probe requests or generated metadata. In step 1053, the location of the monitored wireless device is determined from the probe request data received from several edge sensors, such as by using signal strength information to trilaterate the wireless device's position. In step 1054, whether the location of the monitored wireless device is within a target geofenced zone is determined. The target geofenced zone can have a virtual perimeter defined by an administrator and which surrounds a geographical area.

In step 1055, similarity metrics are generated by comparing the probe request data to stored device profiles from a database of device profiles. For example, a similarity metric can be generated by comparing a history of wireless networks, MAC address, and capabilities for a monitored wireless device to the history of wireless networks, MAC address, and capabilities for a stored device profile. Some examples of capabilities that can be used to generate the similarity metric include channel ID, Wifi Type (a/b/g/n/etc), supported link speeds, supported ciphers and cryptographic capabilities and vendor specific capabilities. Each similarity metric indicates a similarity between the wireless device and a given stored profile. The similarity metric may be a numerical percentage that quantifies the similarity between the wireless device and a given stored profile.

In step 1056, the similarity metrics are compared against a similarity threshold and it is determined if the similarity metrics meet a similarity threshold. For example, a similarity metric (e.g. 90%) can be compared to a similarity threshold (e.g. 85%) to determine if the similarity metric is greater than the similarity threshold. The comparison can be repeated for each similarity metric to determine if any of the similarity metrics meet the similarity threshold.

In step 1057, a location based event is caused to occur in response to whether the location of the monitored wireless device is in the target geofenced zone, and also in response to a result of the comparison against the similarity threshold. The specific events can include causing a notification to be triggered, causing an alert to be triggered, causing the location to be displayed on a map, causing a transaction to take place, or causing payment processing to take place, among others. In some embodiments, the event is caused to occur if the monitored wireless device is in the target geofenced zone, and if the similarity metric is greater than the threshold. In other embodiments, the event is caused to occur if the monitored wireless device is outside the target geofenced zone. In other embodiments, the event is caused to occur of the similarity metric is less than the threshold.

As previously described, in embodiments that use an active tracking approach instead of a passive approach, the server may receive data describing probe responses instead of receiving probe request data. The server then applies the processes described herein to the data describing the probe responses. More generally speaking, in some embodiments, any data describing management frames can be used in place of the probe request data.

FIGS. 11A-11D are example diagrams illustrating trilateration and other techniques to find a location of a wireless station using one, two, and three edge sensors or other known locations. Trilateration can be the process of determining absolute or relative locations of points by measurement of distances. Trilateration algorithms may calculate a location in a two or three dimension (2D or 3D) plane using a devices distance from preferably three locations. It is possible to adapt these algorithms to a 3D version, which utilizes spheres instead of circles (see 11D).

In the case where the server is locating a device with reference to a single edge sensor (FIG. 11A), then a Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) algorithm is used to compute distance. The FSPL algorithm is shown in equation (1):

$\begin{matrix} {{FSPL} = {{20{\log_{10}(d)}} + {20{\log_{10}(f)}} + {20{\log_{10}\left( \frac{4\pi}{c} \right)}} - G_{t} - G_{r}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

FIG. 11A demonstrates the “X” (the location of the device/station) can be determined by a simple distance (radius) r1 from an edge sensor. According to FSPL, signal loss can be used to calculate distance since it increases with distance. Here “G_(r)” and “G_(r)” are gain (in dBs) of the transmitter and receiver respectively and may bet set to default gain values. “c” is the speed of light in meters/sec. The value for FSPL is obtained from the signal strength of a probe request. The equation can then be solved to determine the distance “d”.

In the instance where the server is locating a device with reference to two edge sensors (FIG. 11B), then trilateration can be used to narrow the location to two possibilities, P1 and P2, distance r1 and r2 respectively from the edge sensors. (Each edge sensor can compute its distance “r” to the device using the FSPL algorithm.) In this case, where possible, a secondary method may be employed (e.g., GPS or GSM) to choose between the two possible locations.

When three or more edge sensors can be used to locate a device, then trilateration can be used effectively to pinpoint the location of the device to the point at which all three circles intersect. FIG. 11C shows this analysis logically. (The distance from the device to each edge sensor is again computed using FSPL.) Note that in practice, there is some error so that the logic needs to average out the points that the server logic obtains from multiple groups of three sensors.

Several algorithms for implementing trilateration are available. A discussion of those currently available is described in “https://confluence.slac.stanford.edu/plugins/servlet/mobile#content/view/907686,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In addition, a publicly available algorithm is described in Wikipedia, “en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilateration,” herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The essence of this algorithm is to find a point located at (x, y, z) that satisfies the following equations for three spheres shown in equation (2):

r ₁ ² =x ² +y ² +z ²

r ₂ ²=(x−d)² +y ² +z ²

r ₃ ²=(x−i)²+(y−j)² +z ²  (2)

Where P1, P2, and P3 (referring to FIG. 11D) are the centers of three spheres, and their sphere radii are r1, r2, and r3, respectively. In equation (2) “d” is the x-coordinate of point P2. It is subtracted from “x” to obtain the base of the triangle between the intersection and r2. The trilateration solution described therein, the x-coordinate of the point is found in equation (3), the y-coordinate is found in equation (4), and the z-coordinate is found in equation (5):

$\begin{matrix} {x = \frac{r_{1}^{2} - r_{2}^{2} + d^{2}}{2d}} & (3) \\ {y = {\frac{r_{1} - r_{3}^{2} - x^{2} + \left( {x - i} \right)^{2} + j^{2}}{2j} = {\frac{r_{1}^{2} - r_{3}^{2} + i^{2} + j^{2}}{2j} - {\frac{i}{j}x}}}} & (4) \\ {z = {\pm \sqrt{r_{1}^{2} - x^{2} - y^{2}}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

Of note, it is possible for there to be zero, one, or two solutions to the problem because z is expressed as a positive or negative square root. Code corresponding to this trilateration algorithm is included in Table 1 below written in Python.

TABLE 1 1 import math 2 import numpy 3 4 #assuming elevation = 0 5 earthR = 6371 6 LatA = 37.418436 7 LonA = −121.963477 8 DistA = 0.265710701754 9 LatB = 37.417243 10 LonB = −121.961889 11 DistB = 0.234592423446 12 LatC = 37.418692 13 LonC = −121.960194 14 DistC = 0.0548954278262 15 16 #using authalic sphere 17 #if using an ellipsoid this step is slightly different 18 #Convert geodetic Lat/Long to ECEF xyz 19 # I. Convert Lat/Long to radians 20 # 2. Convert Lat/Long(radians) to ECEF 21 xA = earthR *(math.cos(math.radians(LatA)) * math.cos(math.radians(LonA))) 22 yA = earthR *(math.cos(math.radians(LatA)) * math.sin(math.radians(LonA))) 23 zA = earthR *(math.sin(math.radians(LatA))) 24 25 xB = earthR *(math.cos(ma 1.radians(LatB)) * math.cos(math.radians(LonB))) 26 yB = earthR *(math.cos(ma 1.radians(LatB)) * math.sin(math.radians(LonB))) 27 zB = earthR *(math.sin(math.radians(LatB))) 28 29 xC = earthR *(math.cos(math.radians(LatC)) * math.cos(math.radians(LonC))) 30 yC = earthR *(math.cos(math.radians(LatC)) * math.sin(math.radians(LonC))) 31 zC = earthR. *(math.sin(math.radians(LatC))) 32 33 P1 = numpy.array([xA, yA, zA]) 34 P2 = numpy.array([xB, yB, AV]) 35 P3 = numpy.array([xC, yC, zC]) 36 37 #from wikipedia 38 #transform to get circle 1 at origin 39 #transform to get circle 2 on x axis 40 ex = (P2 − P1)/(numpy.linalg.norm(P2 − P1)) 41 i = numpy.dot(ex, P3 − P1) 42 ey = (P3 − P1 − i*ex)/(numpy.linalg.norm(P3 − P1 − i*ex)) 43 ez = numpy.cross(ex, ey) 44 d = numpy.linalg.norm(P2 − P1) 45 j = numpy.dot(ey, P3 − P1) 46 47 #from wikipedia 48 #plug and chug using above values 49 x = (pow(DistA, 2) − pow(DistB, 2) + pow(d, 2))/(2*d) 50 y = ((pow(DistA, 2) − pow(DistC, 2) + pow(i, 2) + pow(j, 2))/(2*j)) − ((i/j)*x 51 52 # only one case shown here 53 z = numpy.sqrt(pow(DistA, 2) − pow(x, 2) − pow(y, 2)) 54 55 #triPt is an array with ECEF x,y,z of trilateration point 56 triPt = P1 + x*ex + y*ey + z*ez 57 58 #convert back to lat/long from ECEF 59 #convert to degrees 60 lat = math.degrees(math.asin(triPt[2] / earthR)) 61 lon = math.degrees(math.atan2(triPt[1],triPt[0])) 62 63 print tat, Ion Other trilateration algorithms may be similarly incorporated to determine the location of a device.

FIG. 11E illustrates another technique for trilateration to find a location of a wireless station using multiple edge sensors 1111. The edge sensors 1111 are located to form a square, with one edge sensor 1111 at each corner of the square. The edge sensors are placed at known locations and the distances e1-e4 between the edge sensors 1111 are set to pre-determined and known distances, such as 12 feet.

The trilateration technique uses the FSPL algorithm to compute the distance d1-d4 between each edge sensor 1111 a-d and the wireless device 1109 from the signal strength of probe requests. The computed distances d1-d4 and the known distances e1-e4 together form four separate triangles. The bottom triangle is e1-d2-d2, the rightmost triangle is d2-d3-e2, the topmost triangle is d3-d4-e3, and the leftmost triangle is d1-d4-e4. For each triangle, a location of the wireless device 1109 is calculated from the edge lengths of the triangle. The four calculated locations are then combined by averaging the locations to generate the final location for the wireless device 1109.

Referring to the bottom triangle, the location calculation for one specific triangle can proceed as follows. Angle ang1 is calculated with the following equation (5):

$\begin{matrix} {{{ang}\; 1} = {\arccos \left( \frac{{d\; 1^{2}} + {e\; 1^{2}} - {d\; 2^{2}}}{2 \times b \times c} \right)}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

Distance x1 can then be computed with equation (6) and distance y1 can be computed with equation (7):

x1=sin(ang1)×d1  (6)

y1=cos(ang1)×d1  (7)

Next, even though distance x1 and y1 are calculated, there could be two possible locations for the wireless device 1109. One possible location is the location of the wireless device 1109 shown in FIG. 11E. The other possible location is location 1180. To select between these two possible locations, a distance z is determined from the perspective of the other sensor devices 711 a and 711 b using trilateration. The distance z is compared to a threshold to determine which of the two locations to select from. For example, if a distance z greater than distance e2, this means the wireless device must be at position 1180. If a distance z is less than distance e2, this means the wireless device 1109 must be at the position shown in FIG. 11E.

The location calculations from the perspective of the remaining three triangles is similar to the computations for the bottom triangle. The locations calculated from the perspectives of the four triangles are then averaged into the final location for the wireless device 1109. For example, trilateration can be used to determine a first candidate location of the wireless device based on probe request data from edge sensor 711 c and 711 d. Trilateration can be used to determine a second candidate location of the monitored device based on probe request data from edge sensor 711 a and 711 b. Trilateration can be used to determine a third candidate location of the wireless device based on probe request data from edge sensor 711 b and 711 c. Trilateration can be used to determine a fourth candidate location of the wireless device based on probe request data from edge sensor 711 a and 711 d. The four candidate locations are then combined into the final location for the wireless device 1109.

When computing the location of a device using these techniques, such as the location calculation technique in FIG. 11E or other techniques disclosed herein, the device can be pinpointed under certain conditions to at least 0.5 meter accuracy to enable precise location tracking relative to the edge sensors 711. For comparison, current GPS technology is limited to an accuracy of 4.9 meters thus the accuracy of computing the location of a device is enhanced using these techniques. Moreover, these techniques can be used for “indoor positioning,” a concern for IoT platforms.

All of the above calculations assumed that the edge sensor was in a known location. As mentioned above, edge sensors can create a dynamic geofenced target zone by being placed, for example, on a moving object such as a vehicle. In this case, the server logic can poll (at some designated rate) a geolocation API for an updated location of the edge sensor, or in some cases use alternative methods to compute the area between the edge sensors. This will be explained later in the specification by reference to FIG. 15.

In another embodiment, the location can be calculated with triangulation. Triangulation can involve the measurement of angles of a triangle and one or more sides to determine the location of an object. In one embodiment, an angle of arrival (AoA) of probe requests from a wireless device can be measured by an edge sensor. The edge sensor may have two or more antennas. The phases of a received probe request signal can be measured at the two antennas. The difference between the two phases is then used to determine the AoA. The edge sensor can include the AoA in the probe request data that is transmitted to the server, or to another computing device. The AoA is obtained from multiple edge sensors. This AoA from multiple sensors is used to triangulate a location of a wireless device.

In another embodiment, triangulation can be used in combination with trilateration to determine the location of a wireless device, which further improves accuracy.

As described earlier, edge sensors may be augmented with a WDDTAS client application to improve their functional capacity such as to increase the amount and type of data collected, allow a user to opt-in for certain types of payment processing and retail applications, to provide electronic tag functionality, and the like. FIG. 12 is an example block diagram of logic components of an example client application for execution on a wireless station in an example embodiment of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System. In some WDDTAS installations, the client application may be the same as the application described below for administration and managements of the WDDTAS.

As illustrated in FIG. 12, WDDTAS client application comprises electronic tag support 1201 (component, code, logic, module, etc.), security support 1202, authentication support 1203, payment and transaction support 1204, automatic WiFi connection logic 1205, retail support 1206, configuration management 1207, and API endpoints 1210. Electronic tag support 1201 turns the device into an electronic tag for bidirectional communication with an edge server as described above. Security support 1202 allows the client device to generate their public keys. Authentication support 1203 facilitates providing augmented authentication, for example, using biometric data, pins, etc. as described above.

Payment and transaction support 1204 allows users to make payments for example, in known or permitted locations, as a result of triggering a location-based event when entering vicinity of the store's zone (created using edge sensors). Store here is used in a loose sense and may refer to any establishment that accepts payment or can conduct a transaction. This support can be run as a background service and invoked upon trigger of the location-based event.

Configuration management support 1207 manages privacy settings 1208 and the user's ability to share with others through sharing interface 1209. For example, users may desire to turn off their WiFi when not at home and prevent being tracked (if they wish to download the WDDTAS application) using privacy settings 1208. Other accommodations may be implemented to enhance privacy of the user of the wireless device. Control of privacy settings does provide an incentive for users to download the WDDTAS application to their wireless devices. In addition, a user may desire to provide information or accepted shared provided information from another user using sharing interface 1209. For example, a user shopping in a store may wish to seek and accept help from other users in the store.

Automatic WiFi connection logic 1205 facilitates an option for users of the device (e.g., customers of a store) to automatically connect to the store's WiFi according to a store's API. Because data is continuously being collected from the device through passive monitoring, if the privacy switch is off and the user has opted-in to use of the data, then the user's data is potentially reported to the store as well.

Dynamic branding support 1206 in conjunction with API endpoints 1210 governs the ability for third parties, such as stores, hospitals, restaurants, and the like (associated with physical locations) to push logos, bios, backgrounds, color schemes, etc. to the device while the device is located within the location. In some instances, the WDDTAS may require a user to opt-in to this push notification in some form. This may operate like “style sheets” for the device. In some instances the dynamic branding support may provide push notifications to assist a user, for example, to find things or provide an immediate location-based “virtual assistant.”

As described with reference to FIG. 1, configuration and management of a WDDTAS installation is typically controlled by one or more administrators or someone acting in that capacity. FIG. 13 is an example block diagram of logic components of an example administrative application for management of an exemplary Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System installation. The WDDTAS administrative application (or admin application) is software or other code logic running on a computer, phone, or tablet, which is used to manage the WDDTAS installation. It allows unprivileged users and privileged administrators of the WDDTAS installation to view information about the devices detected by the edge sensors in the target zones (areas defined by groups of edge sensors or other areas of interest). Depending on a user's permission level, that user can create users and groups, delegate roles, or manage user permissions for a WDDTAS installation.

As illustrated in FIG. 13, WDDTAS admin application comprises floor plan support (component, module, code, logic, etc.) 1301, security support 1302, geofencing support and zone management 1303, access control 1304, event and notification support 1305, payment processing and transaction support 1306, configuration management 1307, API endpoints 1310, edge sensor configuration and maintenance 1311, and report generation and statistics 1312.

Floor plan support 1301 allows the admin application to load floor plans or a map (preloaded or dynamically) in order to overlay computed sensor information (detected and located devices) over an area, indoor or outdoor. This can allow users of the WDDTAS installation or software used to access or manage the WDDTAS installation) to designate zones (areas of interest) between or nearby sensors. Clients of the WDDTAS installation (e.g., third party users such as within stores, hospitals, government, etc.) can then subscribe to events to be notified as they are generated. For example, as a tracked device within a WDDTAS installation moves from zone to zone, the servers (or edge sensors in some cases) can generate notifications which are forwarded to the subscribed parties or clients.

In addition the tracked devices can be visually located on the map using API support. Also, WDDTAS installation subscribed clients can search for devices near to a particular location (or relative to a specific device) with a search interface, and be shown a visual path to a specific targeted device or be shown that device's path and movement history through the area. Lots of graphical interfaces can be supported through these capabilities.

Security support 1302 allows the admin user to generate their public keys for communication with servers. It also allows the admin user to revoke an edge sensor's ability to report tracked data, etc.

Geofencing support and zone management 1303 facilitates an admin user defining a dynamic (movable) zone of edge sensors or a fixed position group of sensors (or a hybrid) that defines an area. It can also determine the distance from an admin's device running the WDDTAS admin application to any other device in the installation. Payment areas can be treated as a specific manifestation of a target zone. Payment processing and transaction support 1306 can operate in conjunction with the geofencing support 1303 to configure particular payment and/or transaction methods for a defined geofenced area. This module can also establish whether a user of a device has paid for an item before leaving a retail establishment.

Access control support 1304 allows an admin user to define access for other users, groups of users, etc. as regards configuration aspects of the WDDTAS installation, data, API access, and the like. Domains of users/groups may be established based upon a defined edge sensor zone (a target area).

Event and notification support 1305 can facilitate admin users defining “watchlists” of devices and/or zones for security applications or otherwise or defining “blacklisted” or “whitelisted” devices or device profiles. In addition, it can allow admin users to define events and/or notifications that are location or non-location based as described earlier.

Report generation and statistics support 1312 facilitates the generation of metrics regarding location of devices (such as the percentage of time a device is in zone x), traffic percentages in zones, downtime statistics regarding edge sensors, and other WDDTAS installation and/or device metrics.

Edge sensor configuration and maintenance support 1311 may monitor edge sensor traffic to determine when data is no longer being received from an edge sensor. In that instance, a visual interface can be provided to the admin user to facilitate identification of the damaged or unavailable sensor.

Configuration management support 1307 can facilitate an admin user providing or associating personalization and branding with a zone they are responsible for administering. For example, an admin user of a retail establishment (with limited admin privileges vis-à-vis the WDDTAS installation) may configure logos, backgrounds, information and the like to appear on devices that are running the WDDTAS client application (see FIG. 12). In addition configuration management support 1307 can define authorization to access APIs through API access support 1309, the format for serialized data relayed by the edge sensors to servers, etc. Configuration management support 1307 may also define attributes that influence choice of path (path cost) for reporting data from edge servers.

API endpoints 1310 provide access to the administrative support to third party applications.

Other similar or different functions for administrative access to a WDDTAS installation are similarly contemplated and can be made available using the capabilities and support of the WDDTAS admin application.

Computing Systems for Implementation of WDDTAS Components:

FIG. 14 is an example block diagram of a computing system for practicing embodiments of a Wireless Device Detection, Tracking, and Authentication System. Of note, the computing system shown in FIG. 14 may be used to practice embodiments of a WDDTAS server and/or edge sensor described herein. Note as well that one or more general purpose virtual or physical computing systems suitably instructed or a special purpose computing system may be used to implement an WDDTAS server/edge sensor. Further, the WDDTAS may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or in some combination to achieve the capabilities described herein.

Note that one or more general purpose or special purpose computing systems/devices may be used to implement the described techniques. However, just because it is possible to implement the WDDTAS server/edge sensor on a general purpose computing system does not mean that the techniques themselves or the operations required to implement the techniques are conventional or well known.

The computing system 1400 may comprise one or more server and/or client computing systems and may span distributed locations. In addition, each block shown may represent one or more such blocks as appropriate to a specific embodiment or may be combined with other blocks. Moreover, the various blocks of the WDDTAS server/edge sensor 1410 may physically reside on one or more machines, which use standard (e.g., TCP/IP) or proprietary interprocess communication mechanisms to communicate with each other.

In the embodiment shown, computer system 1400 comprises a computer memory (“memory”) 1401, a display 1402, one or more Central Processing Units (“CPU”) 1403, Input/Output devices 1404 (e.g., keyboard, mouse, CRT or LCD display, etc.), other computer-readable media 1405, and one or more network connections 1406. The WDDTAS 1410 is shown residing in memory 1401. In other embodiments, some portion of the contents, some of, or all of the components of the WDDTAS 1410 may be stored on and/or transmitted over the other computer-readable media 1405. The components of the WDDTAS 1410 preferably execute on one or more CPUs 1403 and manage the detection, tracking, authentication of devices, and persistence of device information as described herein. Other code or programs 1430 and potentially other data repositories, such as data repository 1420, also reside in the memory 1401, and preferably execute on one or more CPUs 1403. Of note, one or more of the components in FIG. 14 may not be present in any specific implementation. For example, some embodiments embedded in other software may not provide means for user input or display.

In a typical embodiment of a WDDTAS server for example, the WDDTAS 1410 includes one or more Notification and Tracking Processing engines 1411, one or more authentication engines 1412, and wireless processing (and/or RFID processing, GPS, etc.) 1413. In at least some embodiments, the notification processing 1411 is provided external to the WDDTAS and is available, potentially, over one or more networks 1450. Other and/or different modules may be implemented. In addition, the WDDTAS may interact via a network 1450 with application or client code 1455 that controls administration of a WDDTAS installation, one or more client computing systems 1460 that use the data provided by a WDDTAS installation, and/or one or more third-party information provider systems 1465. Also, of note, the WDDTAS Device and Event data repository 1416 and/or the WDDTAS installation data repository 1415 may be provided external to the WDDTAS as well, for example in a third party database accessible over one or more networks 1450.

In an example embodiment, components/modules of the WDDTAS 1410 are implemented using standard programming techniques. For example, the WDDTAS 1410 may be implemented as a “native” executable running on the CPU 1403, along with one or more static or dynamic libraries. In other embodiments, the WDDTAS 1410 may be implemented as instructions processed by a virtual machine. A range of programming languages known in the art may be employed for implementing such example embodiments, including representative implementations of various programming language paradigms, including but not limited to, object-oriented (e.g., Java, C++, C #, Visual Basic.NET, Smalltalk, and the like), functional (e.g., ML, Lisp, Scheme, and the like), procedural (e.g., C, Pascal, Ada, Modula, and the like), scripting (e.g., Perl, Ruby, Python, JavaScript, VBScript, and the like), and declarative (e.g., SQL, Prolog, and the like).

The embodiments described above may also use well-known or proprietary, synchronous or asynchronous client-server computing techniques. Also, the various components may be implemented using more monolithic programming techniques, for example, as an executable running on a single CPU computer system, or alternatively decomposed using a variety of structuring techniques known in the art, including but not limited to, multiprogramming, multithreading, client-server, or peer-to-peer, running on one or more computer systems each having one or more CPUs. Some embodiments may execute concurrently and asynchronously and communicate using message passing techniques. Equivalent synchronous embodiments are also supported.

In addition, programming interfaces to the data stored as part of the WDDTAS 1410 (e.g., in the data repositories 1415 or 1416) can be available by standard mechanisms such as through C, C++, C #, and Java APIs; libraries for accessing files, databases, or other data repositories; through scripting languages such as XML; or through Web servers, FTP servers, or other types of servers providing access to stored data. The data repositories 1415 and 1415 may be implemented as one or more database systems, file systems, or any other technique for storing such information, or any combination of the above, including implementations using distributed computing techniques.

Also the example WDDTAS 1410 may be implemented in a distributed environment comprising multiple, even heterogeneous, computer systems and networks. Different configurations and locations of programs and data are contemplated for use with techniques of described herein. In addition, the [server and/or client] may be physical or virtual computing systems and may reside on the same physical system. Also, one or more of the modules may themselves be distributed, pooled or otherwise grouped, such as for load balancing, reliability or security reasons. A variety of distributed computing techniques are appropriate for implementing the components of the illustrated embodiments in a distributed manner including but not limited to TCP/IP sockets, RPC, RMI, HTTP, Web Services (XML-RPC, JAX-RPC, SOAP, etc.) and the like. Other variations are possible. Also, other functionality could be provided by each component/module, or existing functionality could be distributed amongst the components/modules in different ways, yet still achieve the functions of an WDDTAS.

Furthermore, in some embodiments, some or all of the components of the WDDTAS 1410 may be implemented or provided in other manners, such as at least partially in firmware and/or hardware, including, but not limited to one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), standard integrated circuits, controllers executing appropriate instructions, and including microcontrollers and/or embedded controllers, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), and the like. Some or all of the system components and/or data structures may also be stored as contents (e.g., as executable or other machine-readable software instructions or structured data) on a computer-readable medium (e.g., a hard disk; memory; network; other computer-readable medium; or other portable media article to be read by an appropriate drive or via an appropriate connection, such as a DVD or flash memory device) to enable the computer-readable medium to execute or otherwise use or provide the contents or instructions to perform at least some of the described techniques. Some or all of the components and/or data structures may be stored on tangible, non-transitory storage mediums. Such computer program products may also take other forms in other embodiments. Accordingly, embodiments of this disclosure may be practiced with other computer system configurations.

Example Use Cases:

1) A customer of the WDDTAS requests to authenticate with a sensor-equipped ATM. The WDDTAS system can determine the identity of the person within proximity of the ATM and can verify with additional factors (to provide secure authentication with multiple authentication factors) that this user is authorized.

2) A WDDTAS installation administrator might decide to use the WDDTAS platform in a physical security operation. It might be used to find lost devices, if those devices happen to have WiFi turned on. It might also be used to detect and grab the signatures of devices, building a profile for each device, in order to retroactively determine which devices, and thus people, have been present in the area.

3) A WDDTAS installation administrator might decide to install their own system for tracking precious inventory. In the case of certain kinds of merchandise, like electronic merchandise (e.g. phones or laptops), the merchandise can have the electronic tag application installed, and thus can be tracked throughout the store. Even though these devices would be detected by the WDDTAS without the application installed, the store owner can install the application on these devices in order to provide cryptographic proof that the item has not been spoofed, and/or forged, by a program that emits similar wireless traffic. If an end user (e.g., the store owner) has this kind of sensor platform in-store, the end user will probably want the system to generate alerts as the merchandise walks out the front door.

4) A store manager might use the WDDTAS installation as a payment system. The installation could provide instantaneous automated purchases for customers who have an electronic tag on their respective devices or are running the WDDTAS application on their wireless devices. This example uses the installation's ability to determine the location of devices within the area as computed from fixed or determined coordinates for each edge sensor. Once the device has been detected near to the target area, and the device has performed an RSA cryptographic handshake with an edge sensor, it will receive a session token that can be used to make purchases or validate the identity of a potential consumer.

5) In certain cases electronic tags can report additional information such as battery status, temperature, magnetic resonance, accelerometer state, and user presence. These tags running the electronic tag software application can share information back to the associated edge sensor, and from the sensor back to the server. WDDTAS administrators could collect the current temperature from each electronic tag in order to form a heatmap from the data returned by the WDDTAS API. This data could then be mined and used for a variety of purposes including for scientific use.

6) Some operators prefer a moving installation, and thus edge sensors can be equipped with the ability to determine their own location with GPS or wireless trilateration in order to provide edge sensor location. Once the system knows the starting points at each edge sensor and the signal distance from those edge sensors, the actual location of a device can be plotted on a map alongside one or many other devices.

7) Enhanced data collection from electronic tags. Fitness bands and devices with similar ability to measure heart rate, skin conductivity, breathing, and footsteps (pedometer) can reveal additional details that are reported to an associated edge sensor. A gym trainer might use a WDDTAS installation so configured to collect this data from many fitness devices at once in order to provide better training. Biofeedback could also be provided. We could use this biofeedback mechanism to help users train out their anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. For example, learning breathing exercises, and allowing the user to try and control their vitals by providing continuous feedback. For example, trying to achieve normal breathing rate, heart rate, breath duration, skin conductivity, and blood oxygen levels.

8) A WDDTAS installation can provide an inventory tracking system that replaces RFIDs and can use any type of electronic tag as a beacon recognized by an edge sensor that is part of the installation.

9) A WDDTAS installation can provide system for tracking doctors and other medical professionals as they move through handling patients so that more accurate time estimates may be delivered to waiting patients and office personnel.

10) More accurate locating and probing of desired targets. Edge sensors can be placed on a drone or other vehicle and used to define a virtual and dynamically changing “zone” (dynamic geofencing) surrounding eventual targets.

11) Using dynamic geofencing, a search and rescue type operation or broadcast to find a device in a moving vehicle such as in response to an amber alert can be aided by the dynamic geofencing target zones provided by a WDDTAS installation.

Many other example use cases can take advantage of the passive monitoring, accurate pinpointing of device location, and ability to dynamically define target zones using groups of edge sensors facilitated by a WDDTAS installation.

Additional Topic Areas for Further Claims:

1. A mobile wide-area wireless sensor network that can be deployed on-demand, with sensors that can route payments between one another to reach the payment back-end.

2. A platform that provides wireless and mobile authentication of devices and their users optionally with automated two factor authentication. It can verify the locations of devices and authenticate those devices over WiFi, sending those details back to the server.

3. A selector-based intelligence system for detecting and targeting 802.11 wireless devices in the area of operation by selecting and storing their probe requests and beacons without requiring additional electronic tag software to detect devices.

4. A mobile wireless detection platform that can optionally run on battery operated hardware. This mobile platform provides device detection and other features on-the-go. As such, the system can be mounted to vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), and can be controlled by a tablet operator collecting signals.

5. A platform that provides similarity metrics and can identify whether two monitored devices are similar or a likelihood that the two devices have been in previous contact with each other based upon their prior connection histories.

Other claim topic areas are contemplated based upon the above description.

Dynamic Geofencing Using Moving Edge Sensors

FIG. 15 illustrates dynamic geofencing using moving sensor devices 1511 according to an embodiment. The sensor devices 1511 can be similar to the previously described edge sensors. The sensor devices 1511 a-d can be located in or on moving objects such as vehicles 1505 a-d. Examples of vehicles 1505 can be land based vehicles, water based vehicles, or aerial vehicles such as drones. Placing the sensor devices 1511 in or on the vehicles creates a dynamic geofenced target zone 1554 that dynamically moves and follows the location of the edge sensors 1511. For example, the vehicle(s) 1505 and sensor devices 1511 move 1552 from one general location L1 to another general location L2. The geofenced target zone 1554 is defined relative to the location of the sensor devices 1511. Initially, the mobile device 1509 is within the geofenced target zone 1554 at location L1. However, once the sensor devices 1511 move to location L2, the mobile device 1509 is no longer within the geofenced target zone 1154 because the target zone 1154 has moved.

As shown in FIG. 15, the geofenced target zone 1554 between sensor devices 1511 can start from the center point of each sensor device 1511. The geofenced target zone 1554 scales in size as sensor devices 1511 move closer or further away from one another. For example, the geofenced target zone 1554 at location L1 has the shape of a small rectangle because the vehicles 1505 are located closer to each other. The geofenced target zone 1554 at location L2 has the shape of a larger rectangle because the vehicles 1505 are spread further apart from each other.

In FIG. 15, the geofenced target zone 1554 is rectangular. In other embodiments, the geofenced target zone 1554 can be a different shape, such as being in the shape of a circle or a triangle. The boundary of a geofenced target zone 1554 may pass through the sensor devices 1511 as shown in FIG. 15. In other embodiments, the boundary of the geofenced target zone 1554 may not pass through the sensor devices 1511 and so the target zone 1554 can be smaller or larger than is shown in FIG. 15.

The location of the edge sensors 1511 in this case can be determined using GPS or with another location based technique. The server or some other computing device can poll (at some designated rate) a geolocation API for an updated location of the edge sensors 1511, or in some cases use alternative methods to compute the distance between the edge sensors. In one embodiment, a local computing device (e.g. one of the edge sensors 1111 or another computing device) in the vehicle 1505 can collect information from the edge sensors 1511 and perform these calculations without communicating with a server.

At each general location (e.g. L1, L2), the sensors 1511 can monitor probe requests from wireless devices 1509 to generate probe request data. The locations of the edge sensors 1511 and the probe request data from the edge sensor 1511 are used to determine the location of the wireless device 1509, such as with trilateration techniques. A location based event is triggered if the mobile device 1109 is determined to be within the dynamic geofenced target zone 1154, and/or if a similarity metric computed for the mobile device 1509 meets a similarity threshold.

For example, in one use case, multiple vehicles 1505 or a small squad with sensor devices 1511 in their backpacks are searching for a wireless device belonging to a criminal suspect or devices known to be present at a crime scene. The area in between the sensor devices defines a geofenced target zone 1554. As wireless devices (e.g. 1509) enter or exit the zone 1554, the system can generate alerts. The system may generate a similarity metric for each wireless device by comparing probe request data for the wireless device 1509 with the device profile associated with a known criminal or device profiles of devices known to be present at a crime scene. If the similarity metric meets a similarity threshold, the system can also generate a notification the matching device was detected.

In at least one embodiment, all of the sensor devices 1511 can be in a single vehicle. For example, the vehicle can be a low-flying aircraft with a sensor device 1511 on each wing tip and the tail of the aircraft.

Single Moving Sensor

FIG. 16A illustrates a technique for finding a location of a wireless device using a single moving sensor device 1611. The sensor device 1611 can be similar to the previously described edge sensor. The figures illustrates a single sensor device 1611 mounted to a moving vehicle 1605. The sensor device 1611 moves from left to right and captures probe requests from the mobile device 1609 at different times and while the sensor device 1611 is at different locations. For example, at time T1, the sensor device 1611 is at a first location L1 and receives first probe requests from the wireless device 1609. At time T2, the sensor device 1611 is at a second location L2 and receives second probe requests from the wireless device 1609. At time T3, the sensor device 1611 is at a third location L3 and receives third probe requests from the wireless device 1609.

Like before, the NIC of a sensor device 1611 can be placed into a monitor mode or another mode in which wireless traffic is passively monitored. When each probe request is received by the NIC, data about the probe request is stored in association with the location of the sensor device 1611 when the probe request was received. In some embodiments, management frames other than probe request frames can be captured since they are seen more often. The location of the sensor device 1611 can be determined, for example, from GPS or using other location based techniques.

The location of the mobile device 1609 is then determined from the data describing the probe requests received at the different locations L1-L3, and also using the locations of the edge sensor 1611 when the probe requests were received. In one embodiment, trilateration techniques can be used to determine the location of the wireless device 1609. For example, the distances 1650, 1651 and 1652 to the locations L1, L2 and L3 can be determined from the signal strengths of the probe requests using the FSPL algorithm. Trilateration can be used to determine a candidate location of the wireless device 1609 from distances 1650 and 1651 and the locations L1 and L2. Trilateration can be used to determine a candidate location of the wireless device 1609 from distances 1650 and 1651 and locations L2 and L3. These two candidate locations can combined into the final location. In some embodiments, the sensor device 1611 can perform these calculations to track the location of the device 1609. In other embodiments, the data describing the probe requests and the location of the edge sensors 1611 can be transmitted to a remote computing device (e.g. a server) or a computing device in the vehicle which performs the location calculations.

FIG. 16B illustrates a process for tracking and using a location of a wireless device using a single moving edge sensor 1611. In step 1690, code of the sensor device 1611 places its NIC into a monitor mode or other mode in which probe requests from wireless devices can be passively monitored. In step 1691, the NIC receives several probe requests from a wireless device while the sensor device 1611 is at a particular location (e.g. L1, L2, L3). In step 1692, in response to the NIC receiving the probe requests, code of the sensor device 1611 generates probe request data describing the probe requests and identifies the sensor device location when those probe requests were received. Steps 1691 and 1692 can be repeated one or more times to capture additional probe requests and generate probe request data at different sensor device locations.

In step 1693, code of the sensor device 1611 determines the location of the monitored wireless device from the probe request data generated at different sensor device locations and their associated sensor device locations. This step can use, for example, trilateration techniques that calculate the location of the wireless device using the signal strength of the probe requests. In step 1694, code of the sensor device 1611 determines if the location of the wireless device 1609 is within a predefined geofenced zone, such as the geographic zone 1657 in FIG. 16A. The geographic zone 1657 may be a fixed zone or it may be dynamic and move with the sensor device 1611.

In step 1695, code of the sensor device 1611 generates similarity metrics by comparing the probe request data to stored device profiles from a database of device profiles. In step 1696, code of the sensor device 1611 compares the similarity metrics against a similarity threshold to determine if the metrics meet the threshold. The comparison can be repeated for each similarity metric to determine if any of the similarity metrics meet the similarity threshold.

In step 1697, code of the sensor device 1611 causes a location based event to occur in response to whether the location of the monitored device is in the target geofenced zone, and also in response to the comparison against the similarity threshold. For example, the event can be triggered if the monitored device is in the target geofenced zone 1657 and a similar metric is greater than the threshold. The location based event may be any of the events described herein.

Steps 1693-1697 can also be performed by code of another computing device that receives the information describing the probe requests from the sensor device 1611. Some of the steps may also be optional. For example, some of steps 1694-1696 may be optional.

In one use case, the vehicle 1605 may a ride-sharing vehicle being driven for a ride-sharing service such as Uber or Lyft. There is a mobile phone (not shown) inside the vehicle 1605 that is running tracking software, which is similar to the software found in the server. A ride-hailing customer is holding the wireless device 1609, and the driver of the vehicle 1605 is attempting to locate the ride-hailing customer. As the vehicle 1605 drives down the street, probe requests from the wireless device 1609 are received by the moving sensor device 1611 and are used to track the location of the wireless device 1609. The probe requests are also used to determine a similarity metric from the wireless device's 1609 stored profile. If the similarity metric is above threshold (indicating a match for the customer), the location for the customer can be provided to the mobile phone of the driver (not shown), which causes the location to be displayed on a map (e.g. with an icon) on the mobile phone. As a result, the rider's exact location is known to the driver and the location can be tracked with a greater degree of accuracy than with current location based techniques. This particular use case may not use a geofenced zone.

Payment Zones

FIG. 17 illustrates a system for payment processing, according to an embodiment. Several sensor devices 1711 are located around a checkout register 1715 in a store. A geofenced payment zone 1754 is located around a checkout register 1715. The system includes a server 1720, which may be the server 120 of FIG. 1. The system also includes a wireless device 1709 that can have a WDDTAS client application installed on it, and which is adapted for payment processing.

A customer carrying the wireless device 1709 can walk into the geofenced payment zone 1754. The sensor devices 1711 monitor probe requests from the wireless device 1709 and transmit information describing the probe requests to the server 1720 (or other computing devices). The server 1720 determines the location of the wireless device 1709 and whether the location of the wireless device 1709 is in the geofenced payment zone 1754. The server 1720 also compares the probe request data for the wireless device 1709 to a whitelist of device profiles that have been pre-registered as payment enabled devices, and this comparison generates similarity metrics. The similarity metrics are compared to a similarity threshold to determine if the wireless device 1790 sufficiently matches any of the device profiles that are registered as being payment enabled.

If one of the device profiles is matched, and the location is within the payment zone 1754, the server 1720 causes a payment transaction with the wireless device 1709 to occur. This can include performing a cryptographic handshake with an application on the wireless device 1709. The server 1720 then sends a command code to the wireless device 1709. The command code triggers the application to ask for additional authentication information, such as a pin code or biometric authentication, which may be provided to the server 1720. This secondary level of authentication is used to prevent spoofing or duplicate devices. Once this is provided, the wireless device 1709 can display the item to be purchased along with buttons to cancel or confirm the transaction. If the transaction is confirmed by the user, the wireless device 1709 provides a command code to the server 1720 that finalizes the payment. In some embodiments, the command codes can be relayed between the wireless device 1709 and server 1720 via a sensor device 1711 that is determined to be closest to the wireless device 1709.

Security Zones

FIG. 18 illustrates a system for providing security, according to an embodiment. Several sensor devices 1811 are located in an area that is to be secured, such as a home, building, or business. A geofenced security zone 1854 is defined to extend in a circle around the sensor devices 1811. The system includes a server 1820 and a security computing device 1822 being monitored by a security guard or other personnel.

A person carrying a wireless device 1809 can walk into the geofenced security zone 1854. The sensor devices 1811 monitor probe requests from the wireless device 1809 and transmit probe request data to the server 1820 (or other computing devices). The server 1820 then determines the location of the wireless device 1809 and whether the location of the wireless device 1809 is in the geofenced security zone 1854.

If the location of the wireless device 1809 is in the geofenced security zone 1854, the server 1820 computes one or more similarity metrics for the device 1809 by comparing the probe request data (e.g. which includes wireless network history) to one or more blacklisted device profiles. The blacklisted device profiles include profiles of devices that are known to be suspicious, such as criminals or terrorists. The similarity metrics are compared to a similarity threshold. If any similarity metrics exceed the threshold, the server 1820 performs a security action, such as transmitting a security notification or alert 1824 to the security computing device 1822 indicating that a suspicious device has been detected in the geofenced security zone 1854. For example, if the wireless networks in a blacklisted device profile and the wireless networks visited by a monitored wireless device are substantially the same, the similarity metric will be above the threshold. As a result, there is a good chance that a user of the monitored wireless device is related to or the same as the user of the blacklisted device. The security notification or alert 1824 is thus generated to provide an alert of a suspicious user.

Alternatively or additionally, a similarity metric can be generated by comparing the probe request data (e.g. which includes wireless network history) to one or more whitelisted device profiles. The whitelisted device profiles include profiles of devices that are known to be safe, such as authorized users of the facility associated with the security zone 1854. The similarity metric is compared to a similarity threshold. If the similarity metric meets a similarity threshold (e.g. 99%), this indicates that the mobile device matches a profile on the whitelist and is safe. As a result, the server 1820 does not need to generate a security notification or alert 1824. If the similarity metric is below the similarity threshold, this indicates that the mobile device does not match anything on the whitelist and a security notification or alert 1824 can be generated.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the methods, techniques, and systems for performing device detection, tracking, and authentication discussed herein are applicable to other architectures other than a 802.11 architecture. For example, the methods, techniques and systems also apply (with changes to protocols and data) to Bluetooth architectures. Also, the methods, techniques, and systems discussed herein are applicable to differing protocols, communication media (optical, wireless, cable, etc.) and devices (such as wireless handsets, electronic organizers, personal digital assistants, portable email machines, game machines, pagers, navigation devices such as GPS receivers, etc.).

In some embodiments, the components described as being in a server may be included in computing devices other than a server, and the processes described as being performed by a server may be performed by computing devices other than a server. For example, the functions of a server may be implemented by a non-server computer or the functions of the server may be implemented by one or more of the edge sensors. Additionally, any of the operations described herein can be implemented with software code, such as machine code/processor instructions, which are stored on one or more non-transitory computer readable media and are executable by at least one processor.

In some embodiments, a wireless device detection and tracking system comprises: a plurality of edge sensors located to form one or more geographic zones, each edge sensor comprising at least one antenna, at least one wireless network interface controller, monitoring code logic and reporting code logic. The monitoring code logic is configured to place the at least one wireless networking interface controller (NIC) into a monitor mode to cause the NIC to monitor wireless network traffic from one or more wireless devices passively without responding to the one or more wireless devices and without initiating or otherwise forming a communication connection to any one of the one or more wireless device; upon receiving a request for a possible connection to a previously connected network from a monitored device of the one or more wireless devices through passive monitoring, extracting data from the request and formulating metadata corresponding to the monitored device; and wherein the reporting code logic is configured to relay the extracted data and metadata corresponding to the monitored device. A data repository is configured to persistently store wireless device data and metadata. At least one server computing system is communicatively coupled to the plurality of edge sensors and the data repository, and configured to: receive the relayed extracted data and metadata corresponding to the monitored device; and using trilateration techniques, determine a location of the monitored device.

In some embodiments, the request for the possible connection to a previously connected network from a monitored device is an 802.11 Probe Request delivered as a 802.11 Management Frame. The wireless network traffic can be monitored passively using Bluetooth protocol.

In some embodiments, the location of the monitored device is determined in substantially near real time by the at least one server computing system to obtain a location of the monitored device that is perceived to be current.

In some embodiments, the formulated metadata is used to generate a profile of the monitored device. In some embodiments, the generated profile of the monitored device is compared to profiles of other devices to determine additional characteristics regarding the monitored device.

In some embodiments, the monitoring code logic is configured to receive a request for a possible connection to a previously connected network from a second monitored device of the one or more wireless devices, and wherein the generated profile of the monitored device is used to determine a probability or likelihood that the second monitored device has been in contact with the monitored device when the received requests of both the second monitored device and the monitored device indicate previous communications with at least one network in common.

In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of edge sensors comprises a second wireless networking interface controller and wherein the at least one of the plurality of edge sensors is configured to control the at least one wireless networking interface controller using the monitoring code logic and is configured to control the second wireless network interface controller using the reporting code logic.

In some embodiments, the trilateration operates by computing distances of the monitored device from two or more of the plurality of edge sensors without using a GPS and without using GSM cellular network towers.

In some embodiments, at least some of the plurality of edge sensors are mobile and dynamically located to form the one or more geographic zones.

In some embodiments, the at least one server system further configured to determine whether the location of the monitored device is within one of the one or more geographic zones; and when it is determined that the location of the monitored device is within the one of the geographic zones, cause a notification or an alert.

In some embodiments, the at least one server system further configured to determine whether the location of the monitored device is within one of the one or more geographic zones, and when it is determined that the location of the monitored device is within the one of the geographic zones, causing a transaction or payment processing to take place.

In some embodiments, the at least one server system further configured to: determine an identification of the monitored device; and based upon the determined identification and the determined location of the monitored device triggering an alert notification.

In some embodiments, the formulated metadata is a history of wireless networks the monitored device has previously connected to.

In some embodiments, the at least one server computing system is further configured to identify the monitored device based upon the history of wireless networks of the monitored device.

In some embodiments, the at least one server computing system is further configured to determine the identity of the monitored device using the MAC address of the monitored device and the formulated metadata.

In some embodiments, the monitored device of the one or more wireless devices is a mobile device.

In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of edge sensors is a mobile device that executes a wireless device detection and track system application.

In some embodiments, a method for wireless device detection and tracking comprises: under control of one or more edge sensors located to form one or more geographic zones, passively monitoring one or more wireless devices without forming a communication connection to any one of the one or more wireless devices; upon receiving a request for a possible connection to a previously connected network from a monitored device of the one or more wireless devices, extracting data from the request and formulating metadata corresponding to the monitored device; populating a data structure corresponding to the monitored device with the extracted data and the formulated metadata corresponding to the monitored device; and forwarding the contents of the data structure to one or more servers that are configured to use trilateration techniques to determine a location of the monitored device.

In some embodiments, the passively monitoring one or more wireless devices is performed without responding to the one or more wireless devices. The method can comprise causing computation of a similarity metric of the monitored device to one or more other devices of the one or more wireless devices. The similarity metric can be based upon a history of wireless connections that are associated with the monitored device. In some embodiments, the history of wireless connections that are associated with the monitored device is discoverable by tracking multiple requests from the monitored device.

In some embodiments, a computer-readable medium contains instructions for controlling a computer processor to detect and track wireless devices by performing a method comprises: under control of one or more edge sensors located to form one or more geographic zones, passively monitoring one or more wireless devices without forming a communication connection to any one of the one or more wireless devices; upon receiving a request for a possible connection to a previously connected network from a monitored device of the one or more wireless devices, extracting data from the request and formulating metadata corresponding to the monitored device; populating a data structure corresponding to the monitored device with the extracted data and the formulated metadata corresponding to the monitored device; and forwarding the contents of the data structure to one or more servers that are configured to use trilateration techniques to determine a location of the monitored device.

In some embodiments, the passively monitoring one or more wireless devices is performed without responding to the one or more wireless devices. In some embodiments, the method comprises when it is determined that the location of the monitored device is within the one of the geographic zones facilitating a payment or a transaction.

In some embodiments, a computer-readable medium contains instructions for controlling a computer processor to detect and track wireless devices by performing a method comprising: receiving data relayed from a plurality of edge sensors located to form one or more geographic zones, the relayed data containing data and metadata extracted and/or formulated from a request for a possible connection from a monitored wireless device passively monitored by at least one of the plurality of edge sensors; using trilateration techniques, determining a location of the monitored device; and based upon determining whether the determined location of the monitored device is within one of the one or more geographic zones, triggering a notification and/or an alert, or facilitating a transaction.

In some embodiments, the monitored wireless device is monitored passively without any of the plurality of edge sensors forming a communication connection to the monitored device. In some embodiments, the method comprises based upon determining whether the determined location of the monitored device is within one of the one or more geographic zones, authenticating the user of the device using a secondary authentication factor that is at least one of a pin code, password, fingerprint, and/or biometric measurement.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises identifying the monitored device using one or more of: a MAC address, hostname, time of detection, vendor, and status.

In some embodiments, a wireless device detection and tracking system comprises a plurality of sensor devices associated with one or more geofenced zones. Each sensor device comprises a wireless network interface controller (NIC). Each sensor device comprises code configured to: upon the wireless NIC receiving at least one management frame, generate data describing the at least one management frame. At least one computing device is configured to receive the data describing the at least one management frame, and using trilateration techniques, determine a location of the monitored wireless device based on the data describing the at least one management frame. For example, the data can include a signal strength of the at least one management frame, which is used an input for determining the location of the wireless device.

In some embodiments, a wireless device detection and tracking system comprises a plurality of sensor devices associated with one or more geofenced zones. Each sensor device comprises a wireless network interface controller (NIC). Each sensor device comprises code configured to: place the wireless NIC into a mode that causes the wireless NIC to monitor wireless network traffic from one or more wireless devices passively; and upon the wireless NIC receiving at least one request for a possible connection to a previously connected network from a monitored wireless device of the one or more wireless devices through passive monitoring, generate data describing the at least one request for the possible connection. At least one computing device is configured to receive the data describing the at least one request for the possible connection; and using trilateration techniques, determine a location of the monitored wireless device based on the data describing the at least one request for the possible connection.

In some embodiments, the at least one request for the possible connection to a previously connected network from a monitored wireless device includes an 802.11 Probe Request delivered as a 802.11 Management Frame.

In some embodiments, the wireless network traffic is monitored passively using a Bluetooth protocol.

In some embodiments, the at least one computing device is configured to generate a similarity metric by comparing the data describing the at least one request for the possible connection to a stored wireless device profile; and cause a location based event to occur based on the similarity metric and the location of the monitored wireless device.

In some embodiments, the data describing the at least one request includes a history of wireless networks the monitored wireless device has previously connected to, and the similarity metric is generated by comparing the history of wireless networks to wireless networks of the stored wireless device profile.

In some embodiments, the similarity metric is generated by comparing the data describing the at least one request to a blacklisted device profile, wherein causing the location based event to occur comprises: triggering a security notification or alert responsive to the location of the monitored wireless device being in one of the geofenced zones and the similarity metric exceeding a similarity threshold.

In some embodiments, the similarity metric is generated by comparing the data describing the at least one request to a whitelisted device profile, wherein causing the location based event to occur comprises: triggering a security notification or alert responsive to the location of the monitored wireless device being in one of the geofenced zones and the similarity metric not exceeding a similarity threshold.

In some embodiments, the similarity metric is generated by comparing the data describing the at least one request to a stored device profile corresponding to a payment enabled device, and causing the location based event to occur comprises: causing a payment transaction to take place responsive to the location of the monitored wireless device being in one of the geofenced zones and responsive to the similarity metric exceeding a similarity threshold.

In some embodiments, the sensor devices are mobile and dynamically located such that the one or more geofenced zones are dynamic geofenced zones that follow a location of the sensor devices.

In some embodiments, the at least one computing device is further configured to: determine whether the location of the monitored wireless device is within one of the one or more geofenced zones; and cause a location based event to occur based on whether the location of the monitored wireless device is within the one of the geofenced zones.

In some embodiments, causing the location based event to occur comprises: when it is determined that the location of the monitored wireless device is within the one of the geofenced zones, causing a notification to be triggered, causing an alert to be triggered, causing a transaction to take place, or causing payment processing to take place.

In some embodiments, the at least one computing device comprises a server or one of the sensor devices.

In some embodiments, the sensor devices include a first sensor device, a second sensor device, a third sensor device, and a fourth sensor device. At least one computing device is configured to determine the location of the monitored wireless device by: using trilateration techniques, determine a first candidate location of the monitored wireless device based on the data describing the at least one request received from the first sensor device and the second sensor device; using trilateration techniques, determine a second candidate location of the monitored wireless device based on the data describing the at least one request received from the third sensor device and the fourth sensor device; and determining the location of the monitored wireless device by combining the first candidate location of the monitored wireless device and the second candidate location of the monitored wireless device.

In some embodiments, the data describing the at least one request is transferred from a corresponding sensor device to the at least one computing device via a least cost path that includes one or more other sensor devices of the plurality of sensor devices, the least cost path identified with a path cost analysis algorithm.

In some embodiments, the monitored wireless device is store merchandise within a store.

In some embodiments, the location of the monitored wireless device is determined using both trilateration techniques and triangulation techniques

In some embodiments, the mode that the wireless NIC is placed into is a monitor mode.

In some embodiments, a wireless device detection and tracking system comprises: a sensor device comprising at least one wireless network interface controller (NIC) configured to passively monitor wireless network traffic from one or more wireless devices; code to, upon the NIC receiving at least one first request for a possible connection to at least one previously connected network from a monitored wireless device of the one or more wireless devices through passive monitoring and while the sensor device is at a first location, generate first data describing the at least one first request; code to, upon the NIC receiving at least one second request for a possible connection to at least one previously connected network from a monitored wireless device of the one or more wireless devices through passive monitoring and while the sensor device is at a second location, generate second data describing the at least one second request; and code to determine a location of the monitored wireless device using trilateration techniques based on the first data describing the at least one first request and the second data describing the at least one second request.

In some embodiments, the sensor device is in or on a land based vehicle, an aerial vehicle, or a water borne vehicle that moves from the first location to the second location.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises code to determine whether the location of the monitored wireless device is within a target geofenced zone; and code to cause a location based event to occur based on whether the location of the monitored wireless device is within the geofenced zone.

In some embodiments, the target geofenced zone is a dynamic geofenced zone that follows a location of the sensor device.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises code to generate a similarity metric by comparing the first data describing the at least one first request or the second data describing the at least one first request to a stored wireless device profile; and code to cause a location based event to occur based on the similarity metric and the location of the monitored wireless device.

In some embodiments, the first data or the second data includes a history of wireless networks the monitored wireless device has previously connected to, and the similarity metric is generated by comparing the history of wireless networks to wireless networks of the stored wireless device profile.

In some embodiments, the system comprises code to cause a location based event to occur based the location of the monitored wireless device.

In some embodiments, the at least one first request for the possible connection to at least one previously connected network from a monitored wireless device includes an 802.11 Probe Request delivered as a 802.11 Management Frame.

In some embodiments, the system comprises code to, upon the NIC receiving at least one second request for a possible connection to at least one previously connected network from a monitored wireless device of the one or more wireless devices through passive monitoring and while the sensor device is at a third location, generate third data describing the at least one third request, wherein the location of the monitored wireless device is determined using trilateration techniques further based on the third data describing the at least one third request. 

1. A wireless device detection and tracking system comprising: a plurality of sensor devices associated with one or more geofenced zones, each sensor device comprising: a wireless network interface controller (NIC); code figured to: place the wireless NIC into a mode that causes the wireless NIC to monitor wireless network traffic from one or more wireless devices passively; and upon the wireless NIC receiving at least one request for a possible connection to a previously connected network from a monitored wireless device of the one or more wireless devices through passive monitoring, generate data describing the at least one request for the possible connection; and at least one computing device configured to: receive the data describing the at least one request for the possible connection; and using trilateration techniques, determine a location of the monitored wireless device based on the data describing the at least one request for the possible connection. 